Neal Horsley, candidate for Governor of the State of Georgia, The Creators Rights Party, November 1998. "Secession Via Nuclear Weapons."

NBC-tv. Meet the Press, October 24, 1998.

R.M. Doty, B.E. Peterson, D.G. Winter. "Threat and authoritarianism in the United States, 1978-1987." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, October 1991

I define Fundamentalism as the enforcement of strict conformity within a segregated stronghold whose rules are made sacred by reference to a fundamental tract or body of law. The document or oral tradition dictating the group's thou shalts and thou shalt nots derives its legitimacy, not from the erring ways of men, but from something supra-human. This agrees with the views which have emerged from one of the most extensive assessments of worldwide Fundamentalisms in recent years, that led by Martin Marty under the auspices of the Public Religion Project.

An example of a fundamentalism of the left is the movement of "radical race theorists," who believe that democracy is the root of racism. (Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont. Fashionable nonsense

Km. Kamlesh. "A study of the effect of personality on value pattern." Indian Psychological Review, January 1981

I am by no means claiming that all forms of religious Fundamentalism are violent. For the softening of mainstream American Fundamentalism in the late 20th century, see

For a study which illuminates common elements uniting Christian Fundamentalism with the archetypal fascist movement, Nazism, see

From an information-processing point of view, the Fundamentalists are top-down serial processors - they run their data through a narrow channel; all modules take their clue from a cpu - a processing unit at the center. Pluralists are bottom-up parallel processors - giving a good deal of freedom to each module, then quorum-sensing when it comes to mass-decision time.

Richard Louis Schanck. "A Study of a Community and Its Groups and Institutions Conceived of as Behaviors of Individuals." Psychological Monographs, Vol. XLIII, No. 2, Whole No. 195, 1933

This meant that card games like "flinch and rook" were acceptable. However others, not specified by Schanck, were taboo. (Richard Louis Schanck. "A Study of a Community and Its Groups and Institutions Conceived of as Behaviors of Individuals"

Attitudes toward alcohol and tobacco don't appear in Schanck's paper, but are reported by Bertram H. Raven in Bertram H. Raven, Jeffrey Z. Rubin. Social Psychology. New York

Schanck's 133-page scholarly article reporting on his research hints at the story which appears here, but fails to tell it - a frequent lapse in scientific monographs. Schanck mentions what he calls Mrs. Salt's "personality tyranny." (p. 126), then returns to commenting on tables of statistics. The tale behind the manner in which (quoting Schanck again) "she dominated" the community was recorded 44 years later by UCLA's Bertram H. Raven in Social Psychology. Raven obtained the details from a colleague of Schanck's, Dan Katz. Since those who performed the Elm Hollow study are now dead, Raven has rescued a gem of social scientific information which would otherwise have been lost to posterity. (Bertram H. Raven, Jeffrey Z. Rubin. Social Psychology

Richard Louis Schanck. "A Study of a Community and Its Groups and Institutions Conceived of as Behaviors of Individuals"

Richard Louis Schanck. "A Study of a Community and Its Groups and Institutions Conceived of as Behaviors of Individuals"

Richard Louis Schanck. "A Study of a Community and Its Groups and Institutions Conceived of as Behaviors of Individuals"

In statistical table after statistical table, Schanck demonstrates the difference between publicly avowed and privately confessed attitudes. Revealing this disparity was one of the main purposes of his paper.

Richard Louis Schanck. "A Study of a Community and Its Groups and Institutions Conceived of as Behaviors of Individuals"

The difference between private attitudes and what each individual felt everybody else agreed on was another focus of Schanck's numerous statistical charts.

Jamie Arndt, Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pyszczynski, and Sheldon Solomon. "Subliminal Exposure to Death-Related Stimuli Increases Defense of the Cultural Worldview." Psychological Science, September, 1997

Eshel Ben-Jacob and Herbert Levine. "The Artistry of Microorganisms." Scientific American, October, 1998

H.J. Rothgerber. "External intergroup threat as an antecedent to perceptions of in-group and out-group homogeneity." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. December 1997

I.L. Janis. Victims of Groupthink

S.E. Taylor, M. Lobel. "Social comparison activity under threat

L.S. Newman, K.J. Duff, R.F. Baumeister. "A new look at defensive projection

The tendency of short (acute) bursts of energizers to produce benefits, and of those same energizers to do damage in lengthy (chronic) doses shows up particularly among stress hormones, which prime the body for reaction to emergency but, if not packed away quickly, do enormous damage. (Neil Greenberg. "Behavioral Endocrinology of Physiological Stress in a Lizard." The Journal of Experimental Zoology Supplement. 4, 1990

Independent Television Network. ITN World News, September 15, 1998.

Patrick Smith. "You Have a Job, But How About a Life?" Business Week, November 16, 1998; Richard Sennett. The Corrosion of Character

Aaron Bernstein. "A Floor Under Foreign Factories?" Business Week, November 2, 1998.

n.a. Pursuing Excellence. A Study of U.S. Eighth Grade Mathematics and Science Teaching, Learning, Curriculum and Achievement in International Context. U.S. Department of Education, Washington, D.C., November 1998.

Joseph Needham. Science and Civilisation in China. Cambridge

Though articles on the treatment of workers in China inspire a well-deserved moral shock, the fact is that American industries used similar techniques in the early days of industrialization to pry the farm girls of New England from agricultural rhythms and train them to those of factory life. In both 19th century New England and 20th century China, young women were confined - almost imprisoned - in dormitories, their lives controlled in every detail, right down to their eating and bathroom habits. In addition, they were subjected to fines and other forms of persecution for each infraction against the rules. Leaving a dorm or factory station briefly without permission, even to urinate, could be punished with a beating. And permission was rarely given. (Anita Chan & Robert A. Senser. "China's Troubled Workers." Foreign Affairs, March/April 1997

n.a. "Lean Company vs. Job Security

George J. Church. "Are We Better Off? In the material world, Americans are living well. But they're paying a high price in work and worry." Time, February 26, 1998. Rob Norton and Lixandra Urresta. "Job Destruction/Job Creation." Fortune Magazine, April 1, 1996.

This figure was cited during October, 1998, reports on Asia Market Wrap, a nightly television news show broadcast from Singapore. (Asia Market Wrap. Singapore

n.a. "Clinton, Congress Strike Deal on 1999 Budget." Washingtonpost, October 16, 1998.

n.a. "The Japan Crisis." Institute for International Economics, Washington, D.C. Adam Posen. "Some Background Q&A on Japanese Economic Stagnation. Briefing Memo submitted to the Trade Subcommittee Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, July 13, 1998." Institute for International Economics.

n.a. "Impact of Asian Crisis on Individual States, by State." Washington, DC

n.a. Economic Survey of Latin America and the Caribbean 1997-1998. ECLAC, Impact of the Asian Crisis on Latin America (LC/G.2026), May 1998. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, November 1998.

Lewis Thomas and Robin Bates "Notes of a Biology Watcher." Produced and directed by Robin Bates. Nova program #818, tv script. Boston

B.B. Gump, J.A. Kulik. "Stress, affiliation, and emotional contagion." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, February 1997

Being with others in the same boat apparently helps deflect one of the slings and arrows change fires our way

For the manner in which peripheral movements attract the lonely and confused, see

V. Spruiell. "Crowd psychology and ideology

Katelyn Y. A. McKenna; John A. Bargh. "Coming out in the age of the Internet

Among the many cyber-gathering spots for ecological extremists is No Compromise

"Kingdom Divinity Ministries

Br. Abu Ruqaiyah, Translated by Br. Hussein El-Chamy. "The Islamic Legitimacy of The 'Martyrdom Operations.'" Nida'ul Islam Magazine (The Call of Islam

The Serb government's official English-language outlet is Serbiainfo. Typical of the pages maintained by Serbian-Americans and Serbian-Canadians is Archbishop Lazar Puhalo's "The Tragedy of Kosovo

A. Dean, N. Lin. "The stress-buffering role of social support. Problems and prospects for systematic investigation." Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, December 1977

Peter Beinart. "Battle for the 'Burbs

After three particularly brutal bombings perpetrated in Israel by the Islamic Fundamentalist movement Hamas, The Seattle Times compiled a special issue on the movement. Among other things, the Times discovered that

Writes Muzafer Sherif, one of the most prominent social scientists in the field of group formation, "Analysis of various social movements shows how persons dissatisfied with their status or the fulfillment of needs tend to accept new frames of reference provided by a leader or nuclear group which seem to them to 'explain' their situation more appropriately and to offer an apparently more effective course of action than did adherence to more commonly accepted norms of the social system." (Muzafer Sherif, Hadley Cantril. The Psychology of Ego-Involvements

In what may be the most famous experiment on this subject, Muzafer Sherif triggered groups to chafe against each other, then worked to unify them again. To his dismay, the easiest way to "reduce intergroup tensions" turned out to be what he called "the common enemies approach." (Muzafer Sherif, O.H. Harvey, B. Jack White, William R. Hood, Carolyn W. Sherif. The Robbers Cave Experiment

Muzafer Sherif, O.H. Harvey, B. Jack White, William R. Hood, Carolyn W. Sherif. The Robbers Cave Experiment

Jamie Arndt, Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pszyynski, and Sheldon Solomon. "Subliminal Exposure to Death-Related Stimuli Increases Defense of the Cultural Worldview." Psychological Science, September, 1997

H.A. McGregor, J.D. Lieberman, J. Greenberg, S. Solomon, J. Arndt, L. Simon, T. Pyszczynski. "Terror management and aggression

F. Leichsenring, H.A. Meyer. "Reducing ambiguity

Anne Harrington Reenchanted Science

W.N. Morris, S. Worchel, J.L. Bios, J.A. Pearson, C.A. Rountree, G.M. Samaha, J. Wachtler, S.L. Wright. "Collective coping with stress

F.W. Wicker, E.L. Young. "Instance-based clusters of fear and anxiety

R.M. Doty, B.E. Peterson, D.G. Winter. "Threat and authoritarianism in the United States, 1978-1987." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, October 1991

Gary North, one of the architects of today's militant Christian Fundamentalist Movements, echoes Muzafer Sherif eerily when he says

No Compromise, The Militant, Direct Action Magazine of Grassroots Animal Liberationists & Their Supporters.

"Don't XXXX Genetic Experiment With our Food." Enviroweb; "Superheroes Against Genetix"

Arne Naess, the founder of a worldwide movement called "Deep Ecology," believes the earth can sustain a population of only 100 million. That means five billion of the rest of us have to go. (Arne Naess. Ecology, community, and lifestyle

Charles B. Strozier. "Christian fundamentalism, Nazism, and the millennium"

The age of extremist outsiders armed with atomic, biological, and chemical weapons had already come upon us as early as 1998, declared no less an authority than Foreign Affairs - the journal of America's statesmen. (Ashton Carter, John Deutch, and Philip Zelikow. "Catastrophic Terrorism." Foreign Affairs, November/December 1998

"Aum Shinrikyo, which is an extraordinary and extraordinarily disturbing example of the worldwide epidemic of fundamentalism and the particular danger of apocalyptic violence, ... had in mind nothing short of worldwide genocide. They wanted to murder everybody in the world. Such fantasies are widespread. The danger and difficulty are that there now exists weaponry that can achieve that goal." Robert Jay Lifton. "Beyond Armageddon

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Background Paper on Refugees and Asylum Seekers from Afghanistan." UNHCR Centre for Documentation and Research Geneva, June 1997.

United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Humanitarian Report 1997

In addition to chronicling the incidents cited here, Amnesty International reported that the Taliban had forced a father and brothers to shoot their own family member before an audience of 30,000 gathered in a stadium. Toppling walls was a means of execution for those deemed guilty of sodomy. In the opinion of Amnesty International, none of the accused were given access to a true court proceeding, hence their alleged crimes were highly questionable. (Amnesty International News Service. "Afghanistan

Agence France Presse. "Taliban

Amnesty International News Service. "Afghanistan

Independent Television Network News. ITN World News, September 4, 1998.

The Commonwealth Business Forum. "Pakistan - Society."

Government Statistical Service - The Office for National Statistics, United Kingdom. Information Please. "World's Twenty Most Populous Countries

Robert Fisk. "Anti-Americans of Saudi Arabia." Independent on Sunday. Reprinted in World Press Review, October 1998

John Stackhouse. "Will Karachi Be the Next Kabul?" Toronto Globe and Mail. Reprinted in World Press Review, October 1998

Even moderate Moslems living in the West were enjoined by their would-be spiritual leaders to adopt key aspects of this powerfully intolerant point of view. Said the imam of Jerusalem's Alaqsa Mosque during a Friday sermon reprinted for worldwide distribution

It was Pakistani Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto who popularized the slogan "the Islamic Bomb." (Kathy Gannon. "New capability meant to bring pride to Islamic world - Pakistani Nuclear Testing." Associated Press, 31 May 1998.)

Greg Sheridan. n.t. The Australian. Reprinted in World Press Review, October 1998

n.a. "Fear along the Silk Road

abusulaymaan@my-dejanews.com. Posting to misc.activism.militia, 3 Sep 1998. When I asked abusulaymaan for information on his (or her) identity and background, I received no reply.

Greg Sheridan. n.t.; C. Raja Mohan. n.t. The Hindu. Reprinted in World Press Review, October 1998

For coverage of Germany's reborn fascisms, see

Boguslaw Zajac. "'Death to the Jews and Masons.'" Rzeczpospolita. Reprinted in World Press Review, October 1998

n.a. "Teetering Toward Fascism." The Economist, reprinted in World Press Review, October 1998

Independent Television Network News. "Death Penalty for McVeigh

In America the Bible-toting Christians of Oklahoma's bunker-and-arsenal-riddled Elohim City were reputed to have armed every man, woman and child to the teeth.

America's Promise Ministries.

Frederick Clarkson. "Christian Reconstructionism

Aryan Nations.

"The old Jerusalem [the Jews] now has the role of Canaan and is to be destroyed (Matt. 24). The whole world is the new Canaan, to be judged and conquered

James Ridgeway. "The Far Right's bomb squad." Freedom Writer Magazine, March/April 1997

n.a. "Witness says Michigan officer passed information to militia." The Associated Press, November 4, 1998. Nando Times.

Anonymous. "Letters from the Underground - Part II." No Compromise

Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives. "Top Ten Fugitive

Twenty-one-year-old Matthew Shepard was the gay student. His death was cheered by the Christian Fundamentalist group God Hates Fags, run by Reverend Fred Phelps. (God Hates Fags;"Picket of Matthew Shepard's Funeral, Wyoming." The Fred Phelps Resource Page.) Featured at the top of one of a key God Hates Fags webpage is the following quote

Kenneth S. Stern. "Militias and the religious right." Freedom Writer, October 1996.

For a compilation of quotations on the militant Christian Fundamentalist Mission of world conquest in the name of a Biblical God and his chosen people, see

Gary North. The Dominion Covenant - Genesis. Tyler, TX

Plato. Laws. In Library of the Future, 4th Edition, Ver. 5.0. Irvine, CA

Paranoia sometimes proves an accurate mode of perception. The reason

Karl Dietrich Bracher. The German Dictatorship

A business can expect to boost its productivity more than 30% simply by relocating from a city which contains only 100,000-250,000 employed laborers to one in which there are 750,000-1.5 million. The secret, according Business Week Magazine's Gene Koretz, is "learning growth that is facilitated by close contact between diverse individuals." (Gene Koretz. "Bright Lights, Midsize City - What Towns are Best for Business?" Business Week, November 2, 1998.) The mathematical models of Stuart Kauffman produce the same conclusion, as does the economic analysis of history provided by Jane Jacobs. (Stuart Kauffman. At Home In the Universe

Alfred Darnell, Darren E. Sherkat. "The impact of protestant fundamentalism on educational attainment." American Sociological Review, April 1997

Quoted in Anne Harrington. Reenchanted Science

R.L. Montgomery, S.W. Hinkle, R.F. Enzie. "Arbitrary norms and social change in high-and low-authoritarian societies." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, June 1976

T. Fukai, S. Tanaka. "A simple neural network exhibiting selective activation of neuronal ensembles

Stuart Kauffman. At Home in the Universe

D. Cohen, R.E. Nisbett, B.F. Bowdle, N. Schwarz. "Insult, aggression, and the southern culture of honor

ABC-tv Weekend News, October 25, 1997.

For historical background on Southern cultural attitudes toward violence, see Samuel C. Hyde, Jr.. Pistols and politics

Shihadeh, of the Louisiana Population Data Center, is a reviewer for sociology's leading journal, American Sociological Review. His research focuses on the structural determinants of violent crime in black and white urban communities. For more on his background, see

Alfred Darnell, Darren E. Sherkat. "The impact of protestant fundamentalism on educational attainment."

The relationship of Christianity to Platonism is historic as well as metaphoric. During the fourth century A.D., neo-Platonism played a major role in recasting an originally Jewish religion into a very un-Judaic concept of Salvation. Elements of neo-Platonism which entered the Christian belief system at that point have become important in the Evangelical Christianity of the South. On a slightly different note, Alan Bloom, who made a splash in the 1980s as a champion of right-wing, American conservatism, was an outspoken Platonist. His intolerance of modern "sins" was welcomed by the Southern Christian community, especially by that arm which would later galvanize as a political force in the Christian Coalition. (Allan Bloom. The Closing of the American Mind. New York

C. Russell, W.M. Russell. "The natural history of violence." Journal of Medical Ethics, September 1979

According the work of zoologist Deborah M. Gordon and mathematical biologist Fred Adler, when the workers of an ant colony are focussed in a high density pattern on a rich food source, individual ants walk around in a narrow radius, apparently under the influence of an external inhibitory force stronger than self control. When density is low, they take off in straight lines to explore the distance. Under low density conditions, self control seems stronger than social inhibition. The search grid shrinks and grows depending on the concentration of food. (Deborah M. Gordon. "How Do Ants Find the Cake Crumb You Drop?" Natural History, September, 1997.) Gordon's work on ants is mirrored by findings on search patterns in bee colonies and among dictyostelium (cellular slime mold). It is also reflected in Valerius Geist's work on maintenance versus dispersal phenotypes among large mammals (Valerius Geist. Life Strategies, Human Evolution, Environmental Design

Peter Beinart. "Battle for the 'Burbs

William L. Shirer. 20th Century Journey

Ibn Khaldun. The Muqaddimah

Writes historian Willard B. Gatewood, "since 'one can be a 'ruralist' by adoption as well as inheritance,' fundamentalism gained popularity among people who moved to the city without becoming 'urban-minded.'" Willard B. Gatewood, Jr. Controversy in the Twenties. Fundamentalism, Modernism, and Evolution. Nashville

For an experiment in which the elimination of all authority figures was even more effective than ultra-authoritarianism at killing the collective brain, see

Alfred Darnell, Darren E. Sherkat. "The impact of protestant fundamentalism on educational attainment"